Burbot larva
Lota lota
Type: freshwater, benthic, gadiform
Physical Characteristics
In the larval stage, they have a slender, elongated body with large eyes relative to the head. They exhibit distinct rows of melanophores (dark spots) along the dorsal and ventral margins of the body. Adult specimens possess a single barbel on the chin and two dorsal fins, the second being very long.
Habitat & Distribution
Larvae are often found in shallow, near-shore areas of cold freshwater lakes and large rivers across the Holarctic (North America, Europe, and Asia). Adults move to deeper, colder benthic zones.
Size & Weight
Larvae are several millimeters at hatching. Adults typically range from 30 to 60 cm in length and weight between 1 to 3 kg, though they can reach over 1 meter and 12 kg.
Similar Looking Species
Larval burbot can be confused with larval sculpins or perch, but the specific pattern of double-rowed melanophores and their elongated shape are diagnostic. Adults resemble catfish but are actually the only freshwater member of the cod family.
Ecological Role
Burbot serve as significant predators in benthic ecosystems. Larvae feed on zooplankton, while adults are apex predators of fish and invertebrates, regulating smaller fish populations.
Diet
Larvae are planktivorous, feeding on small crustaceans like copepods and cladocerans. Adults are opportunistic carnivores, primarily piscivorous, feeding on fish such as sculpins and perch.
Behavior
Larvae are often pelagic initially before settling to the bottom. Adults are primarily nocturnal, remaining relatively inactive during the day and becoming vigorous hunters at night, even under ice.
Reproduction
One of the few freshwater fish to spawn in mid-winter under ice. They are broadcast spawners, often forming 'spawning balls' where many individuals twist together to release eggs and milt in shallow water or over shoals.
Conservation Status
Least Concern (IUCN), though some local populations in Europe and the southern parts of their North American range are threatened by habitat degradation and warming water temperatures.
Identification Tips
Look for a very long second dorsal and anal fin, a single prominent chin barbel, and small, embedded scales that give the fish a slimy feel. Larvae are identified by the two distinct lines of dark pigment dots along the tail.
Interesting Facts
The Burbot is the only species in the genus Lota and the only member of the cod family (Gadidae) that lives exclusively in freshwater. They are sometimes called 'lawyers' or 'lingcod' despite not being related to true lingcod.
Identified on: 5/20/2026
Mode: Standard