Walleye
Sander vitreus
Type: freshwater
Physical Characteristics
Elongated, slender body shape typically olive-green to gold in color with a white underside. They possess two dorsal fins, the first having sharp spines and a large black spot at the base. One of the most distinctive features is the milky, reflective tapetum lucidum in their large eyes. Scales are ctenoid, giving the fish a rough texture.
Habitat & Distribution
Native to Canada and the Northern United States. They prefer large, cold-to-temperate lakes and rivers with moderate turbidity and rocky or gravelly bottoms.
Size & Weight
Typically 10-18 inches in length and 1-3 pounds, but they can reach up to 30 inches and over 20 pounds. The world record is approximately 25 pounds.
Similar Looking Species
Sauger (Sander canadensis) is very similar but can be distinguished by rows of dark spots on its first dorsal fin and a lack of the white tip on the lower tail lobe. Yellow Perch are smaller with more distinct vertical bars.
Ecological Role
A top-tier predator in many freshwater ecosystems, they help regulate populations of smaller forage fish like yellow perch and minnows.
Diet
Primarily piscivorous (fish-eaters), consuming species like minnows, shad, and yellow perch. They also eat insects, crayfish, and snails. They are nocturnal hunters that use their superior low-light vision to ambush prey.
Behavior
Highly nocturnal or crepuscular, becoming most active at dawn and dusk. They often school in deeper water during the day or move to 'walleye chop' (turbulent surface water) to feed. They are generally solitary as large adults but often school when younger.
Reproduction
Iteroparous broadcast spawners that move to shallow rocky areas or upriver in early spring (shortly after ice-out). They do not guard their eggs or provide parental care.
Conservation Status
Least Concern (IUCN), though populations are heavily managed through stocking programs and catch regulations due to heavy pressure.
Identification Tips
Look for the silver, reflective eye, the large black spot at the rear base of the first spiny dorsal fin, and the distinct white tip on the lower lobe of the tail fin.
Interesting Facts
The name 'Walleye' comes from their pearlescent eyes, which allow them to see in the dark better than most other freshwater species. They are the state fish of Vermont, South Dakota, and Minnesota.
User Notes
Lake Sturgeon
Identified on: 6/13/2026
Mode: Standard